.NET/ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET PDF Document SDK

F# is the odd one out here. It s a functional programming language, heavily influenced by a language called ML. Back in 1991, when your authors were first-year students, our university s computer science course chose ML for the first programming language lectures in part because it was so academic that none of the students would previously have come across anything like it. F# is still at the academic end of the spectrum despite having climbed far enough down the ivory tower to be a standard part of a mainstream development environment. It excels at complicated calculations and algorithms, and has some characteristics that can help with parallel execution. However, as with many functional languages, the cost of making some hard problems easier is that a lot of things that are easy in more traditional languages are remarkably hard in F# functional languages are adept at complex problems, but can be clumsy with simple ones. It seems likely that F# will mostly be used in scientific or financial applications where the complexity of the computation to be performed dwarfs the complexity of the code that needs to act on the results of those calculations. While F# feels distinctly other, VB.NET and C# have a lot of similarities. The most obvious factor in choosing between these is that VB.NET is easier to learn for someone familiar with Visual Basic syntax, while C# will be easier for someone familiar with a C-like language. However, there is a subtler difference in language philosophy that goes beyond the syntax.

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png" ), QStringList() ); // Verify that we have one image and get the id for it QList<int> ids = cgetIds( QStringList() ); QCOMPARE( idscount(), 1 ); int id = ids[0]; // Add one tag, total one caddTag( id, "Foo" ); QCOMPARE( cgetTags()count(), 1 ); // Add one tag, total two caddTag( id, "Bar" ); QCOMPARE( cgetTags()count(), 2 );.

A consistent theme in the design of the C# programming language is that its creators tend to prefer general-purpose features over specialized ones. The most obvious example of this is LINQ, the Language INtegrated Query feature added in C# 3.0. Superficially, this appears to add SQL-like query features to the language, providing a natural way to integrate database access into your code. Example 1-2 shows a simple query.

var californianAuthors = from author in pubs.authors where author.state == "CA" select new { author.au_fname, author.au_lname }; foreach (var author in californianAuthors) { Console.WriteLine(author); }

Despite appearances, C# doesn t know anything about SQL or databases. To enable this syntax, C# 3.0 added a raft of language features which, in combination, allow code of this sort to be used not just for database access, but also for XML parsing, or working

with object models. Moreover, many of the individual features can be used in other contexts, as we ll see in later chapters. C# prefers small, composable, general-purpose features over monolithic, specialized ones. A striking example of this philosophy is a feature that was demonstrated in prototype form in C#, but which eventually got left out: XML literals. This experimental syntax allowed inline XML, which compiled into code that built an object model representing that XML. The C# team s decision to omit this feature illustrates a stylistic preference for generality over highly specialized features while the LINQ syntax has many applications, XML literal syntax cannot be used for anything other than XML, and this degree of specialization would feel out of place in C#.*

// Add one tag, total three c.addTag( id, "Baz" ); QCOMPARE( c.getTags().count(), 3 ); // Add a duplicate tag, total three c.addTag( id, "Foo" ); QCOMPARE( c.getTags().count(), 3 ); // Try to add a tag to a nonexisting id QEXPECT_FAIL("", "The tag will be added to the non-existing image.", Continue); c.addTag( id+1, "Foz" ); QCOMPARE( c.getTags().count(), 3 ); // The ImageConnection adds a database that we close here QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase( QLatin1String( QSqlDatabase::defaultConnection ) ); }

A switch statement lets you specify a list of expected values, and what to do for each value. The values can be either strings or integral types. (Integral types include int, short, etc. you cannot switch on floating-point numbers. Enumeration types, which are discussed in 3, are considered to be integral types for the purposes of a switch statement.) We can use this to rewrite Example 2-10 as shown in Example 2-11.

And guess what happened The cycle began again Everybody jumped on the browser bandwagon, and Common Gateway Interface (CGI) applications, written on a server and delivered to a browser, were hot The user experience, with the only interaction being postbacks to the server (in much a similar vein to terminals, only prettier), soon became too limiting, and new technologies began to emerge to improve the user experience Enter Java and the applet Java, a virtual machine on top of a virtual machine (the browser) on top of a virtual machine (the operating system) on top of a real machine (the underlying hardware), gave a greater abstraction, and it introduced a new platform that developers could code to and have even richer applications running within the browser.

string raceStatus = args[3]; switch (raceStatus) { case "YellowFlag": Driver.TellNotToOvertake(); break; case "SafetyCar": Driver.WarnAboutSafetyCar(); break; case "RedFlag": if (ourDriverCausedIncident) { Factory.OrderNewCar(); Driver.ReducePay(); if (feelingGenerous) { Driver.Resuscitate(); } } else { Driver.CallBackToPit(); } break; default: Driver.TellToDriveFaster(); break; }